Chapter 1: Polluting Our World

Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

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In people, it can cause high blood pressure, heart problems, sleep disturbances, and hearing problems. In animals, it can cause communication, reproductive, and navigation problems – they have difficulty finding their direction. Sonar has even caused whales to beach themselves because they respond to the sonar as if it were another whale.    Light pollution can be caused by advertising signs, stadium and city lighting, and other artificial lighting (like the light caused by night traffic). Artificial lighting has health effects on humans and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure and affect sleeping and waking rhythms and immunity. It might be a factor in some cancers, such as breast cancer.    In animals, it can affect sleeping and waking rhythms, navigation, and reproduction. In addition, greenhouse gases have caused a warming effect on the earth’s climate. The greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. They are naturally–occurring gases in the atmosphere, but human activity has increased their concentration in the atmosphere.    For example, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have risen due to the burning of fossil fuels. The effect is a rise in global temperatures. The higher temperatures cause the melting of glaciers, a rise in the water level of oceans, and the disruption of both land and marine life, including that of humans.    Although carbon dioxide is necessary for plants to survive, it is also considered to be a kind of pollution because high levels of carbon dioxide have caused the oceans to become more acidic. It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global climate change brought about by pollution.    There is general agreement by scientists that the global climate will continue to change, that the intensity of weather effects will continue to increase, and that some species of animals will become extinct.    There is also general agreement, or consensus, that humans need to take steps to reduce emissions of waste products and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, make adaptations to the changes that are occurring, and figure out ways of reversing the trends of pollution and global warming.     Questions   1) What is an example of air pollution?     A. Smoke from factories     B. Exhaust from traffic     C. Oil from oil spills     D. Noise from traffic        E. Both A and B are correct.     F. All of the above     2) What kind of pollution is thought to cause the most death and disease?     A. Air pollution     B. Soil pollution     C. Noise pollution     D. Water pollution     E. Radioactive pollution     F. None of the above     3) What kind of pollution may a car cause?     A. Air pollution     B. Light pollution     C. Noise pollution     D. Greenhouse gases     E. Both B and C are correct.     F. All of the above are correct.

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4) What is an effect of artificial light pollution?       A. High blood pressure.     B. Low energy.     C. Hearing problems.     D. Birth defects.     E. Both A and B are correct.     F. Both A and C are correct.     5) Carbon dioxide is…     A. a form of air pollution.     B. necessary for plant survival.     C. a kind of green house gas.     D. a major source of water pollution.     E. A, B, and C are correct.     F. A, B, and D are correct.     Vocabulary   1) Something salient is…     A. incredible.     B. outstanding.     C. dangerous.     D. necessary.     E. acidic.     F. potential.     2) Emissions are…     A. gasses.     B. waste output.     C. pollution.     D. All of the above.     E. Both A and B are correct.     F. Both B and C are correct.     3) What is litter?     A. Trash.     B. Receptacles.     C. Recycling.     D. Light pollution.     E. Noise pollution.     F. All of the above     4) The best antonym for internal is…     A. inside.     B. outside.     C. external.     D. middle.     E. Both A and B are correct.     F. Both B and C are correct.

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	5) Navigation is best described as…     A. a primary type of pollution.     B. a secondary type of pollution.     C. sonar.     D. map making.     E. direction finding.     F. travel planning.     6) If you have a consensus, you have…     A. disagreement.     B. problems.     C. scientific ideas.     D. pollution.     E. Both A and B are correct.     F. None of the above.      Grammar: Sentences, Sentence Fragments, and Punctuation Marks    What is a sentence fragment?   A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It generally lacks a subject or a verb, or its verbal construction cannot exist by itself.    Examples: Global warming and factories pollute our.                      Dozing off in the breeze, in his hammock, by the calm sea.                      (There are not any action words in either sentence fragment.)      Nouns and verbs combine to make sentences. Sentences have two parts, a subject and a predicate.    The subject tells who is doing the action; the predicate tells what the action is.   The subject and predicate can be surrounded by words that modify them. A sentence expresses a complete idea. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, an exclamation point, or a question mark.    Examples: Global warming (subject) is well known throughout the world.                         The president promised funds to finance cleaning up this world. (predicate)     Read each group of words. Write S if it is a sentence or SF if it is a sentence fragment.    __ 1. Dark smoke and pollution.    __ 2. In spite of the fair weather.    __ 3. How do I start my essay?    __ 4. The polluting began a time ago.     Kinds of Sentences What kinds of sentences appear in the beginning of the grammar section? The different kinds of sentences are as follow:   Declarative sentences state a fact and end with a period. The subject comes before the predicate.    Example: Pollution destroys the earth.   Interrogative sentences ask a question and end with a question mark.    Example: Do you want to help the earth?
Page 4       Exclamatory sentences express strong feelings or emotions and end with an exclamation mark.    Example: The earth with no pollution would be amazing!   Imperative sentences tell somebody to do something, or give a command. They may end with an exclamation mark or with a period. In these sentences the subject is generally omitted because it is implied.    Example: Stop using fossil fuels.   A. Write four different kinds of sentences about the story "Polluting Our World."      1. ______________________________________________________________________________          ______________________________________________________________________________        2. ______________________________________________________________________________          ______________________________________________________________________________        3. ______________________________________________________________________________          ______________________________________________________________________________        4. ______________________________________________________________________________          ______________________________________________________________________________   B. Label the sentences as: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative.     1. ________________ Please come back soon.     2. ________________ What is the problem with pollution?     3. ________________ I do not believe in global warming.     4. ________________ Stopping pollution is some people’s dream.     5. ________________ I found it!     6. ________________ Do you think the earth will survive?     7. ________________ There are many interesting things we could do to help the earth.   Punctuation Marks What are punctuation marks? Punctuation marks indicate pauses, expressions, and gestures in the written language. Without punctuation marks, a sentence or paragraph would be confusing. There are specific rules for the use of each mark. Briefly, they are as follows: A period [.] ends a declarative sentence and is used after an abbreviation.    Example: It is easy to continue to let the earth degrade further.   A question mark [?] ends an interrogative sentence.    Example: How much time do we have to fix the earth?   A exclamation point [!] is used after expressions of emotion or intense feeling.    Example: What a shame it ever got this bad!   A colon [:] is used before a list or a series of words and between hours and minutes.    Example: We need to do many things: clean, research, repair, and check after.   A semicolon [;] indicates a stronger pause than a comma, but not a complete stop like a period. A semicolon separates two sentences and could be replaced by a period.    Example: The EPA searched for the solution until the end; it was too late.     Page 5
	A dash [-] can be used in place of a comma to emphasize something.    Example: Earthquakes - the problem - had many events.   An apostrophe ['] is used in possessive nouns to show ownership and in contractions to show that a letter is missing.     Example: The president's dream was to end pollution and global warming.   Quotation marks [" "] are used in direct quotations or to repeat someone's exact words.     Example: "I want to see the earth better again," he said.   The comma [,] has several uses. It separates words in a series, sets off an appositive or specific words, and is used before quotations, in addresses, and in dates.     Example: The car is a major pollutant, but now new fuels are coming.       Add punctuation marks to the following paragraph.      It was 8 30 at night when I was walking and saw something crazy The lake by my house had all dead fish floating I thought about pollution and global warming causing this but I cannot be sure so I can only assume       A. Write the subject next to the following sentences.     1. Global warming is causing hot days.                                ________________       2. There are many reasons why the earth is worth saving.  ________________       3. The earth has energy both physical and spiritual.            ________________       4. Are the whales going to live much longer?                       ________________     B. Write S if each group of words is a sentence or SF if it is a sentence fragment.  __1. The ozone layer left the earth.    __2. The sun is shining brightly and I am happy.    __3. The business, after presenting its plan!    __4. We stand on our words.
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	C. Add punctuation marks in the following sentences.    1. The president said tomorrow we will start a major cleaning    2. We need to convert our garbage into energy    3. We will explore investigate and search for the answer to earths problems    4. Meet me at 10 30 so we can talk    5. The earth is very delicate we must be careful    6. Do you want to help save our planet    7. I hope we see a change in our lifetimes     D. Place punctuation marks to the following paragraph.     We can all make a difference in our world if we all pull together and clean this place up Too many people dont care about the condition of the earth But they will when it is too late and see the destruction that their careless thoughts and actions have caused Many people will die if we dont do something soon Believe me you are only one person but your actions can set an example to others     Summary What is a summary? To write a summary means to reduce the length of the text to include only the most important and necessary information. Why summarize? A summary helps you to better understand the main idea of a text, and it is generally more practical to deal with less information. Also a summary helps you analyze a text closely.   When preparing a summary it is important to:    1. Read the entire piece very carefully.    2. Write down the main idea and the best supporting statement in the simplest form.    3. Avoid unnecessary words and write only essential information.    4. Clarify that it is your understanding of a text.    5. Ensure that the summary is brief yet comprehensive, concise, thorough, objective, and complete.    6. Verify accuracy, grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
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	A summary should not include personal opinions. It should simply report the facts. A summary can be as brief as one sentence per paragraph or one paragraph for the entire work. It should substitute lists with general terms, have very few quotes, and include the title and author of the original work. Thus, a summary is a concise, thorough, and objective version of a text that states, in one's own words, the author's main idea.     Write a word to summarize each group of words.    1. apple, banana, pear, kiwi, strawberry                               fruits                  2. Bahamas, Cuba, Japan, Australia, Puerto Rico  ______________      3. Robert, Shawn, Victor, Charles, Barry                 ______________      4. Spanish, German, English, Russian, French       ______________     Writing a Summary Mark a topic you would like to write about.   __ 1. Global warming     __ 2. Pollution     __ 3. Saving the earth     Drafting Write on a separate sheet of paper a summary of the story "Polluting Our World" focusing on the topic you chose.   Mark the steps to summarize the story as you follow them.     __ 1. Reread the story.     __ 2. Write the main idea and the best supporting statement in the simplest form.     __ 3. List the most important events in chronological order.
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	Editing Make sure that you did not include unnecessary words or nonessential information. Specify that the summary is your understanding of the story.     Rewrite your summary in the space provided. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________   Proofreading Look at your summary and check for the following: 1. Make sure that your summary is:    A. comprehensive   __          B. accurate              __           C. objective             __           D. concise               __    E. thorough              __    F. complete             __   2. Check grammar, spelling, and punctuation.    Publishing Share your summary with a classmate. Have him or her look over your summary.
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