Chapter:12 Columbian Exchange

Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

  Proyecto Salón Hogar

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Questions   1. Which of the following best describes the author’s view of the Columbian Exchange? I) Neither the Old World nor the New World was superior to the other. II) The New World experienced the brunt of the encounter between the Old and New Worlds. III) The encounter between the Old and New Worlds was fundamentally an even exchange.    A) I only    B) II only    C) III only    D) I and II only    E) II and III only   2. It can be inferred from the passage that..    A) Slaves brought to American from Africa had more resistance to European diseases than Native Americans did.    B) New World creatures were unable to thrive in the climate of the Old World.    C) New World pathogens had no effect on the people of the Old World.    D) Most human diseases were introduced to humans by animal populations.    E) Europeans had more resistance to European diseases than Africans did.   3. Eschewed most closely means    A) espoused    B) avoided    C) employed    D) created    E) discovered   4. What are some crops produced?    A) green beans and rice    B) wheat and apples    C) grapes and wheat    D) corn and potatoes    E) cotton and cabbage     5. The term “Columbian Exchange,” was created by which historian?    A) John R. McNeill    B) Christopher Columbus    C) Richard Beasley    D) Alfred Crosby    E) Ricardo Barbosa

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Hubble     The 32,000–word novella The Time Machine by H.G. Wells, published in 1895, is generally credited with popularizing the idea of time travel by means of a time machine, a vehicle which takes the occupant backward or forward in time.    Dozens of sequels and adaptations over the years have further promoted the notion. Indeed, Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity lays the foundation for the possibility of time travel.    So far, no one has demonstrated the ability to travel in time. However, time machines have been constructed, and they do allow glimpses into the past. The most efficacious time machine currently in existence is the Hubble Telescope, named after the American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble.    Its capability to locate distant astronomical targets and lock in on them, permitting their faint light to aggregate on its detectors, allows it to peer far into the past. Light travels 186,000 miles per second. The Hubble Telescope has looked back in time at 10,000 galaxies whose light left them billions of years ago.    Therefore, utilizing the telescope as time machine, astronomers are able to contemplate galaxies as they were eons ago. Although the telescope was launched into space in 1990, its inception was almost a half–century earlier as astronomer Lyman Spitzer, Jr. mulled over the possibility of a large space telescope in a 1946 report, “Astronomical Advantages of an Extra–Terrestrial Observatory.”    Because the earth is bathed in its constantly churning atmosphere, earth–based telescopes cannot penetrate deep space; the atmosphere distorts the view.    Telescopes were constructed on mountains, but there was still no way to wholly escape the effects of the layers of gases enveloping the earth. During the 1960s, the Space Race between the then–Soviet Union and the United States was accelerating.    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established. Funds for space endeavors were abundant, and plans for a large space telescope, by then designated the LST, were underway. The designs called for a 2.4–meter primary telescope mirror which could be transported into space by one of NASA’s rockets.    According to National Geographic’s Imaging Space and Time, the resolving power of the deep space telescope would be “equivalent to being able to distinguish the left and right headlights of a car in California seen from New York, or features less than 1/30,000th the size of the full moon.    This was at least a tenfold increase over the atmospheric limit.” One of the primary challenges involved in successfully transporting the telescope into space was protecting the mirror from the jarring vibrations that occur during launch.

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	It was crucial that the mirror be able to withstand the shuttle’s vicissitudes as well as the volatile atmospheric conditions found in space. If not, the precise shape of the mirror could be compromised, and its imaging capability significantly weakened.    After the telescope had been launched, astronomers subsequently realized that the primary mirror had not been ground correctly. A lens in the test instrument was about one millimeter askew, which is large by optical standards.    In 1993, space–walking astronauts installed corrective lenses which improved the eyesight of the Hubble. In 2009, the corrective lenses themselves were replaced with a supersensitive spectrograph with built–in corrective lenses. The new spectrograph is expected to provide insight into the origins of stars and galaxies.    The successor to Hubble, the James Webb Space Telescope, is expected to be launched in 2014. It will observe only in infrared, so it will complement the Hubble Telescope, which observes in the visible and ultraviolet light ranges.          Hubble currently has the capability to view galaxies that were formed 13.7 billion years ago, long before humans existed, in an area called the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Astronomers aspire to see beyond the Hubble Ultra Deep Field to a time that is devoid of galaxies, a time before galaxies had formed.    If H.G. Wells was onto something in his novella, that time may be close at hand. As one of the characters in the popular work asked, “If Time is really only a fourth dimension of Space, why is it, and why has it always been, regarded as something different?    And why cannot we move in Time as we move about in the other dimensions of Space?” Less than a decade after Wells’ novella, Einstein’s Special Theory Relativity seemed to concur with Wells’ character by proposing that traveling through space at the speed of light would alter time by causing it to dilate, raising the possibility of not merely glimpsing the past, but perhaps traveling to it.
Page 4     Questions 1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is/are true of the Hubble Telescope? I) It is unable to observe light on the infrared part of the spectrum. II) It will be replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope in 2014. III) It was initially constructed in 1946, but not launched until 1990.    A) I only    B) II only    C) III only    D) I and II only    E) II and III only     2. According to the passage, who had the idea for the Hubble Telescope?    A) H.G. Wells    B) Albert Einstein    C) Lyman Spitzer, Jr.    D) Edwin P. Hubble    E) James Webb 3. Vicissitudes most closely means    A) long delays which may compromise the shuttle launch    B) toxic emissions which may cause corrosion around the mirror    C) sound waves which may penetrate the mirror    D) atmospheric conditions which may compromise the mirror    E) shaking and quivering which may cause changes in the mirror   4. In the context of the passage, which of the following best articulates the author’s opinion of the inception of the Hubble?    A) It was a pipedream with little imminent chance of success.    B) It was a literary vehicle with little basis in reality.    C) It was an emergency response to the quickening Space Race.    D) It was based on a scientific proposition which was not proven.    E) It was a waste of time and money which were needed elsewhere.   5. The primary purpose of the passage is to...    A) draw a comparison between H.G. Wells’ notion of time travel with Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity.    B) discuss the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope as a tool for exploring deep space.    C) examine difficulties which precipitated construction of corrective lenses for the Hubble’s primary mirror.    D) describe the circumstances which underlay the mid–century national drive toward a large space–based observatory.    E) dispute the argument that the Hubble Telescope functions as a modern–day time machine.   Page 5
	6. It can be inferred that the author regards time travel as...    A) an effective hook for a work of fiction, but an improbability in the reality of astronomy.    B) an interesting literary notion, but proven to be impossible by Einstein’s Special Theory.    C) a persuasive topic in fiction, as well as a hypothetical possibility in light of Einstein’s Special Theory.    D) a ridiculous idea whose time has come and gone, as well as an astronomical improbability.    E) the incoherent literary construction of a fictional author, with little relevance to today’s scientific community.   7. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists believe that time is...    A) a constant.    B) unidirectional.    C) a spatial dimension.    D) an impenetrable mystery.    E) an imaginary construction.   Grammar: Simple Past and Simple Present Tense What is the simple past and the simple present tense of a verb?   The simple past tense refers to an action, a situation, or an event that began and ended in the past. It is sometimes called the preterit tense.   Though several tenses refer to the past, the simple past tense is the most common. The simple past tense is used when:  The event is in the past.                                                                   The event is completely finished.   The simple past tense of a regular verb is formed by adding -d or -ed to the verb.    Examples: [ like – liked] [work – worked] The simple past tense of an irregular verb varies. You must memorize the irregular verbs or look them up in a reference book.
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	The simple present tense of a verb is used for general statements and to express habitual or everyday activities. When it is used for general statements, the simple present tense shows that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will probably be true in the future. It expresses events or situations that always exist; they exist now, they have existed in the past, and they will probably exist in the future.    Example: I have brown eyes.     Here are some guidelines:   s add -es He passes. z add -es She dozes. sh add -es She wishes. ch add -es He watches.   consonant + y change y to i and add es It flies. most other cases add s He sings.                             Write the simple present tense of each verb in parentheses.    1. The girl ____________ (like) listening to stories.    2. The teacher ____________ (expect) all the students to sing with her.    3. Lorenzo and Judith ___________ (host) the PTA show.    4. The children ___________ (play) while the teachers chat.
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	A. Underline the verb in each sentence.    1. I want to learn English.    2. Lorenzo repeated like a parrot what the teacher said.    3. I study everyday.    4. The school was painted yellow with a green trim.    5. My mother braided my hair this morning.   B. Circle the simple present tense verb that completes each sentence.    1. My cousins (like, likes) going to the kiosk every afternoon.    2. We (drinks, drink) the delicious piraguas he (make, makes).    3. I always (asks, ask) for a lemon piragua. It is my favorite.    4. After the drinks the owner of the kiosk (gives, give) us some treats and we (go, goes) back home.   C. Circle the verb in each sentence and classify it as regular (R) or irregular (I).    __ 1. I went to Segundo Ruiz Belvis Elementary School.    __ 2. My cousins and I spent the summer playing and listening to stories.    __ 3. My mother wanted me to learn Spanish.    __ 4. I was looking for something in my book bag.    __ 5. Lorenzo helped the teacher in the classroom.    __ 6. We all shared our things during recess.   D. Rewrite the sentences using the simple past tense.    1. My baby brother stays home.    ____________________________________________________________    2. The girls use stiff, uncomfortable uniforms.    ____________________________________________________________    3. I miss my freedom.    ____________________________________________________________    4. I know there will be no games once school starts.    ____________________________________________________________
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	Vocabulary: Sentence Completion Directions: Choose the best word to complete each sentence. 1) I like _______ soccer.    A. to play    B. to eat    C. to sing    D. to make   2) I like _______ chicken.    A. to eat    B. to play    C. to make    D. to talk   3) I like _______ songs.    A. to eat    B. to run    C. to sing    D. to cook   4) She likes _______ movies.    A. to talk    B. to watch    C. to sing    D. to jump   5) He likes _______ at parties.    A. to sleep    B. to watch    C. to make    D. to dance
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	6) We want _______ water.    A. to cook    B. to drink    C. to work    D. to walk   7) They want _______ to the mall.    A. to go    B. to make    C. to cook    D. to talk   8) You like _______ new people.    A. to sleep    B. to read    C. to cook    D. to meet   9) Jason likes ______ to people.    A. to look    B. to cook    C. to sleep    D. to talk   10) Molly is tired. She wants _______.    A. to sing    B. to walk    C. to sleep    D. to work
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