Test for symmetry of a function f(x)

Symmetry, then, depends on the behavior of f(x) on the other side of the y-axis -- at minus-x :   f(−x).

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If f(−x) = f(x),

then f(x) is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.

  If f(−x) = −f(x),

then f(x) is symmetrical with respect to the origin.

Example 1.   Test this function for symmetry:

f(x) = x⁴ + x² + 3

 Solution.   We must look at f(−x):

Since  f(−x) = f(x), this function is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.

A function symmetrical with respect to the y-axis is called an even function.

Example 2.   Test this function for symmetry:

f(x) = x⁵ + x³ + x

 Solution.   Again, we must look at f(−x):

Since  f(−x) = −f(x), this function is symmetrical with respect to the origin.

A function that is symmetrical with respect to the origin  is called an odd function.

Problem.   Test each of the following for symmetry.  Is f(x) even, odd, or neither?

a)  f(x) = x³ + x² + x + 1

Answer.   Neither, because f(−x) ≠ f(x) , and f(−x) ≠ −f(x).

b)  f(x) = 2x³ − 4x

Answer.   f(x) is odd -- it is symmetrical with respect to the origin -- because f(−x) = −f(x).

c)  f(x) = 7x² − 11

Answer.   f(x) is even -- it is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis -- because f(−x) = f(x).

Note:  A polynomial will be an even function when all the exponents are even.

A polynomial will be an odd function when all the exponents are odd.

But there are even and odd functions that are not polynomials.  Therefore, the issue is the test of f(−x).